Application of critical theory in the transformative practice of architecture; A critical reading of Nader Khalili's architecture

Abstract:

Critical theory is a philosophical approach that originated in the mid-20th century, particularly associated with the Frankfurt School of social theory. It's a broad and interdisciplinary framework that seeks to understand and critique society, culture, and systems of power and domination. At its core, critical theory aims to uncover and challenge the underlying structures that perpetuate inequality, oppression, and injustice. It often examines issues related to power dynamics, ideology, capitalism, patriarchy, racism, and colonialism. Critical architecture, deeply rooted in critical theory, transcends superficial aesthetic concerns to engage with the multifaceted socio-political dimensions of architectural practice. This entails a nuanced understanding that the built environment is far from neutral; rather, it serves as a reflection and perpetuator of societal inequalities and power imbalances. Drawing heavily from the principles of critical theory, particularly those championed by the Frankfurt School, critical architecture aims to dismantle the entrenched systems of domination and exploitation inherent in modern capitalist societies.

In stark contrast to the shortcomings of both modern and postmodern architectural movements, which often fall short in addressing fundamental societal needs, critical architecture emerges as a potent catalyst for social change within the architectural discourse. It vehemently rejects the dominance of capital-driven architectural practices that prioritize profit maximization over societal well-being, thus perpetuating social injustices. Instead, critical architecture advocates for a holistic approach that conscientiously considers the intricate social, cultural, and political ramifications of architectural design decisions. Central to the ethos of critical architecture is its proactive engagement with pressing social issues. Unlike mere criticism of existing power structures, critical architects actively seek out and propose constructive alternatives that challenge the prevailing status quo. This transformative approach necessitates a departure from conventional architectural paradigms, such as the wholesale dismissal of Deconstructionist formal innovations or the relegation of architectural form to secondary importance in collaborative processes. By embracing the transformative potential of architectural design to address societal inequalities, critical architecture paves the way for meaningful societal transformation.

Amidst the unique challenges faced by the Iranian construction industry, critical architecture assumes particular significance. By integrating critical perspectives into both theoretical discourse and professional practice, Iranian architects can play a pivotal role in addressing pressing societal issues through innovative architectural interventions. This research endeavors to explore the intricate intersections of critical architecture and liberation within the Iranian context, utilizing a diverse array of scholarly sources to dissect various definitions, interpretations, and branches of critical architecture. Furthermore, the research will meticulously examine the constructive and positive applications of critical architecture, delineating the necessary prerequisites for fostering a progressive architectural practice. Through a rigorous analysis of its relevance in addressing contemporary social issues in Iranian society, this research posits that critical architectural discourse can seamlessly integrate into Iranian architectural practices, notwithstanding cultural disparities.

Ultimately, by advocating for the integration of social critiques into architectural education and practice, critical architecture holds the potential to engender more socially responsible and impactful built environments. Through such holistic integration, architects can assume a pivotal role in addressing pressing societal challenges and fostering positive societal change, thereby realizing the transformative promise inherent in critical architecture. Similar Nader Khalili, who exemplifies transformative practice in contemporary Iranian architecture by expanding the community of audience in the architecture profession, empowering people in the construction process, decommodification of architecture, challenging the capital-oriented model in the architecture profession, adding an educational dimension to the profession of architecture, directing construction technology towards empowering people rather than dominating them, humanizing the architectural production chain, and applying the principles of sustainable architecture across various multidimensional fields.