Application of Critical Theory in the Transformative Practice of Architecture; A Critical Reading of Nader Khalili's Architecture

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mahdi Ghaempanah 1
Asghar Mohammadmoradi 2
Gholamhossein Memariyan 3
1 PhD student in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Restoration and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Sites, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
3 Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/usd.2024.2032093.1257
Abstract
Critical theory, developed primarily through the work of the Frankfurt School, is an interdisciplinary framework that examines and critiques the social, cultural, political, and economic structures that sustain inequality, domination, and injustice. It seeks to reveal the hidden mechanisms of power embedded in institutions, ideologies, and everyday practices. Drawing upon these principles, critical architecture extends beyond aesthetic and technical concerns to investigate the relationship between the built environment and broader social realities. It recognizes that architecture is not a neutral practice but a powerful medium that can either reinforce or challenge existing systems of power.
In contrast to architectural approaches that prioritize formal expression or market-driven objectives, critical architecture advocates for socially responsible design that addresses the needs and aspirations of communities. Rather than merely criticizing prevailing conditions, it seeks to develop constructive alternatives capable of promoting social equity, inclusion, and empowerment. This perspective emphasizes the social, cultural, and political consequences of architectural decisions and encourages architects to engage actively with contemporary societal challenges.
The relevance of critical architecture is particularly significant in the Iranian context, where the construction industry faces complex social, economic, and environmental issues. By incorporating critical perspectives into architectural theory and professional practice, architects can contribute to addressing these challenges through innovative and transformative design strategies. This study explores the relationship between critical architecture and liberation in Iran by examining various definitions, interpretations, and branches of critical architectural thought. It also investigates the conditions necessary for establishing a progressive architectural practice that integrates social critique with practical design solutions.
The research argues that critical architecture can be effectively adapted to Iranian architectural discourse despite cultural and contextual differences. Furthermore, it highlights the work of Nader Khalili as an example of transformative practice through community participation, educational engagement, sustainable construction, and the humanization of architectural production. Ultimately, the study concludes that integrating critical perspectives into architectural education and practice can foster more socially responsible built environments and contribute to meaningful social change.
Keywords
Critical Theory
Critical Architecture
Social Responsibility of Architecture
Critical Architectural Practice
Nader Khalili
Subjects
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Journal of Urban Sustainable Development
Volume 7, Issue 22
Spring 2026
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